Are the effects of psychosocial exposures attributable to confounding? Evidence from a prospective observational study on psychological stress and mortality

J Macleod; G Davey Smith; P Heslop; C Metcalfe; D Carroll; C Hart

doi:10.1136/jech.55.12.878

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Theory and methods

Are the effects of psychosocial exposures attributable to confounding? Evidence from a prospective observational study on psychological stress and mortality

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Nov 2001	186	109	68
Dec 2001	75	112	32
Jan 2002	81	100	31
Feb 2002	35	45	13
Mar 2002	32	35	15
Apr 2002	20	32	10
May 2002	16	26	9
Jun 2002	11	14	11
Jul 2002	8	19	6
Aug 2002	9	23	3
Sep 2002	11	29	12
Oct 2002	18	26	18
Nov 2002	16	23	8
Dec 2002	20	25	3
Jan 2003	16	29	13
Feb 2003	5	11	10
Mar 2003	9	11	7
Apr 2003	12	14	9
May 2003	7	16	3
Jun 2003	8	8	13
Jul 2003	25	21	4
Aug 2003	52	40	7
Sep 2003	23	22	6
Oct 2003	67	29	12
Nov 2003	52	19	2
Dec 2003	26	13	11
Jan 2004	45	88	14
Feb 2004	31	19	8
Mar 2004	30	36	9
Apr 2004	25	43	7
May 2004	53	53	9
Jun 2004	52	67	16
Jul 2004	55	77	7
Aug 2004	30	39	15
Sep 2004	46	74	23
Oct 2004	21	55	19
Nov 2004	29	79	25
Dec 2004	30	61	5
Jan 2005	17	69	39
Feb 2005	26	45	15
Mar 2005	24	70	36
Apr 2005	18	46	15
May 2005	14	29	12
Jun 2005	12	17	12
Jul 2005	19	19	27
Aug 2005	14	26	17
Sep 2005	16	37	25
Oct 2005	26	31	21
Nov 2005	20	45	30
Dec 2005	18	26	17
Jan 2006	18	22	10
Feb 2006	18	21	12
Mar 2006	28	33	23
Apr 2006	19	29	18
May 2006	15	20	14
Jun 2006	14	14	15
Jul 2006	20	16	17
Aug 2006	19	14	14
Sep 2006	15	25	29
Oct 2006	30	25	21
Nov 2006	30	19	23
Dec 2006	22	18	11
Jan 2007	23	32	20
Feb 2007	26	23	22
Mar 2007	26	25	22
Apr 2007	45	8	11
May 2007	31	6	6
Jun 2007	24	7	6
Jul 2007	17	10	8
Aug 2007	11	6	5
Sep 2007	24	8	8
Oct 2007	31	13	11
Nov 2007	25	4	6
Dec 2007	7	2	7
Jan 2008	11	11	7
Feb 2008	18	8	8
Mar 2008	24	12	8
Apr 2008	29	15	10
May 2008	23	10	11
Jun 2008	25	9	5
Jul 2008	17	1	5
Aug 2008	18	7	8
Sep 2008	12	9	6
Oct 2008	28	6	7
Nov 2008	25	7	11
Dec 2008	4	2	2
Jan 2009	13	4	6
Feb 2009	23	13	5
Mar 2009	23	3	4
Apr 2009	26	2	3
May 2009	13	6	6
Jun 2009	6	6	5
Jul 2009	11	3	3
Aug 2009	14	2	3
Sep 2009	12	3	4
Oct 2009	20	2	1
Nov 2009	13	5	4
Dec 2009	13	6	2
Jan 2010	10	5	4
Feb 2010	8	2	7
Mar 2010	13	3	4
Apr 2010	8	7	10
May 2010	12	5	7
Jun 2010	11	5	4
Jul 2010	12	2	4
Aug 2010	6	2	2
Sep 2010	9	3	3
Oct 2010	26	3	2
Nov 2010	11	2	6
Dec 2010	6	2	2
Jan 2011	12	4	7
Feb 2011	9	4	3
Mar 2011	17	2	5
Apr 2011	17	7	4
May 2011	16	6	3
Jun 2011	22	1	2
Jul 2011	22	1	2
Aug 2011	19	0	2
Sep 2011	29	1	4
Oct 2011	13	2	2
Nov 2011	18	3	5
Dec 2011	24	6	6
Jan 2012	17	9	6
Feb 2012	20	5	7
Mar 2012	16	9	10
Apr 2012	26	13	8
May 2012	15	9	5
Jun 2012	19	11	5
Jul 2012	26	8	9
Aug 2012	13	8	9
Sep 2012	33	10	12
Oct 2012	36	17	14
Nov 2012	43	16	9
Dec 2012	30	8	11
Jan 2013	46	11	7
Feb 2013	33	10	6
Mar 2013	33	30	6
Apr 2013	24	6	9
May 2013	39	12	8
Jun 2013	21	5	7
Jul 2013	19	12	6
Aug 2013	13	12	2
Sep 2013	29	31	4
Oct 2013	26	43	6
Nov 2013	25	16	10
Dec 2013	16	30	3
Jan 2014	21	26	6
Feb 2014	23	26	4
Mar 2014	24	27	4
Apr 2014	39	33	4
May 2014	22	34	6
Jun 2014	9	18	4
Jul 2014	18	37	2
Aug 2014	15	22	3
Sep 2014	33	21	6
Oct 2014	24	39	2
Nov 2014	23	28	4
Dec 2014	10	22	3
Jan 2015	17	12	3
Feb 2015	12	10	7
Mar 2015	14	5	3
Apr 2015	16	15	4
May 2015	13	9	3
Jun 2015	19	12	6
Jul 2015	9	8	4
Aug 2015	6	8	3
Sep 2015	22	17	9
Oct 2015	12	5	4
Nov 2015	21	11	5
Dec 2015	24	15	4
Jan 2016	14	10	1
Feb 2016	13	7	2
Mar 2016	17	9	5
Apr 2016	16	10	3
May 2016	12	4	2
Jun 2016	11	2	6
Jul 2016	12	8	1
Aug 2016	12	1	0
Sep 2016	21	5	5
Oct 2016	17	2	2
Nov 2016	22	11	7
Dec 2016	13	12	3
Jan 2017	14	6	5
Feb 2017	8	9	5
Mar 2017	4	5	6
Apr 2017	2	26	3
May 2017	7	17	4
Jun 2017	10	16	4
Jul 2017	32	29	5
Aug 2017	16	14	5
Sep 2017	35	25	12
Oct 2017	23	23	6
Nov 2017	32	18	10
Dec 2017	33	23	22
Jan 2018	24	14	6
Feb 2018	26	12	6
Mar 2018	37	25	10
Apr 2018	48	44	8
May 2018	58	44	6
Jun 2018	32	23	10
Jul 2018	26	20	8
Aug 2018	25	19	9
Sep 2018	12	10	4
Oct 2018	74	70	12
Nov 2018	96	91	8
Dec 2018	98	94	6
Jan 2019	81	77	8
Feb 2019	89	84	9
Mar 2019	49	40	18
Apr 2019	25	11	10
May 2019	14	8	11
Jun 2019	9	3	8
Jul 2019	14	10	8
Aug 2019	7	5	12
Sep 2019	17	11	9
Oct 2019	39	15	13
Nov 2019	18	12	15
Dec 2019	14	4	6
Jan 2020	16	12	10
Feb 2020	19	13	14
Mar 2020	62	48	13
Apr 2020	16	16	8
May 2020	15	13	8
Jun 2020	17	13	6
Jul 2020	22	18	10
Aug 2020	22	16	13
Sep 2020	32	22	10
Oct 2020	45	18	10
Nov 2020	23	17	13
Dec 2020	26	20	7
Jan 2021	21	16	2
Feb 2021	16	12	7
Mar 2021	31	23	17
Apr 2021	20	18	8
May 2021	18	11	37
Jun 2021	10	9	4
Jul 2021	18	16	12
Aug 2021	21	18	4
Sep 2021	17	15	16
Oct 2021	23	17	30
Nov 2021	23	19	17
Dec 2021	28	22	8
Jan 2022	51	39	10
Feb 2022	58	49	3
Mar 2022	67	65	7
Apr 2022	77	77	4
May 2022	71	68	20
Jun 2022	76	68	10
Jul 2022	75	71	5
Aug 2022	101	97	4
Sep 2022	67	63	13
Oct 2022	58	57	18
Nov 2022	79	60	6
Dec 2022	67	67	4
Jan 2023	58	53	9
Feb 2023	82	72	4
Mar 2023	51	41	9
Apr 2023	56	54	7
May 2023	92	66	13
Jun 2023	67	54	11
Jul 2023	65	63	6
Aug 2023	69	67	6
Sep 2023	35	25	7
Oct 2023	31	19	4
Nov 2023	73	61	5
Dec 2023	135	12	3
Jan 2024	53	2	1
Feb 2024	81	0	0
Mar 2024	118	2	1
Total	7686	6265	2432

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