Sample characteristics of the participants ages 12 to 18 in the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (n=2557)
| Characteristic | Unweighted | Weighted |
| Children’s Depression Inventory | ||
| Mean (SD) | 2.45 (0.05) | 2.54 (0.08) |
| Missing | 308 (12.05%) | 8.67% |
| Subjective well-being | ||
| Overall mean (SD) | 4.21 (0.02) | 4.18 (0.03) |
| Emotional well-being mean (SD) | 4.80 (0.02) | 4.75 (0.03) |
| Psychological well-being mean (SD) | 4.63 (0.02) | 4.58 (0.03) |
| Social well-being mean (SD) | 3.51 (0.03) | 3.51 (0.04) |
| Missing | 331 (12.94%) | 10.00% |
| Police stops | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.86 (0.11) | 0.85 (0.18) |
| 0 stops | 1779 (69.57%) | 74.57% |
| 1 stop | 247 (9.66%) | 8.94% |
| 2+ stops | 238 (11.46%) | 8.85% |
| Missing | 293 (11.46%) | 7.63% |
| Race/ethnicity n (%) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1167 (45.64%) | 63.06% |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1069 (41.81%) | 15.64% |
| Hispanic | 183 (7.16%) | 14.03% |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 40 (1.66%) | 3.40% |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 14 (0.55%) | 0.86% |
| Multiracial | 59 (2.31%) | 2.56% |
| Other | 23 (0.90%) | 0.40% |
| Missing race/ethnicity | 2 (0.08%) | 0.04% |
| Gender | ||
| Girl | 1252 (48.96%) | 49.31% |
| Boy | 1305 (51.04%) | 50.69% |
| Age | ||
| Mean (SD) | 15.03 (0.04) | 15.04 (0.05) |
| Height (inches) | ||
| Measured mean (SD) | 65.44 (0.08) | 65.43 (0.12) |
| Missing | 304 (11.89%) | 7.92% |
| Self-reported mean (SD) | 64.22 (2.14) | 64.10 (1.24) |
| Missing both measured and self-report | 291 (11.38%) | 7.22% |
| Weight (lbs) | ||
| Measured mean (SD) | 147.22 (0.87) | 144.56 (1.25) |
| Missing | 280 (10.95%) | 7.40% |
| Self-reported mean (SD) | 184.86 (18.30) | 171.99 (26.01) |
| Missing both measured and self-report | 258 (10.09%) | 6.42% |
| Regularly employed n (%) | 416 (16.27%) | 16.97% |
| Missing | 245 (9.58%) | 6.01% |
| At least one parent incarcerated n (%) | 241 (9.43%) | 7.49% |
| Maternal education | ||
| <12 years | 334 (13.06%) | 14.25% |
| 12 years | 920 (35.98%) | 31.66% |
| 13 to 16 years | 984 (38.48%) | 40.26% |
| >16 years | 153 (5.98%) | 6.98% |
| Missing | 166 (6.94%) | 6.85% |
| Paternal education | ||
| <12 years | 259 (10.13%) | 11.15% |
| 12 years | 689 (26.95%) | 25.47% |
| 13 to 16 years | 655 (25.62%) | 31.08% |
| >16 years | 158 (6.18%) | 8.50% |
| Missing | 798 (31.13%) | 23.80% |
| Living in public housing | 137 (5.36%) | 3.21% |
| Missing | 5 (0.20%) | 0.11% |
| Household wealth* | ||
| Debt (negative wealth) | 359 (14.04%) | 12.43% |
| Q1 | 521 (20.38%) | 15.59% |
| Q2 | 529 (20.69%) | 19.62% |
| Q3 | 563 (22.02%) | 22.92% |
| Q4 | 585 (22.88%) | 29.44% |
| Neighbourhood safety | ||
| Completely safe | 804 (31.44%) | 35.41% |
| Fairly safe | 1354 (52.95%) | 51.82% |
| Somewhat dangerous | 315 (12.32%) | 10.48% |
| Extremely dangerous | 53 (2.07%) | 1.46% |
| Missing | 31 (1.21%) | 0.82% |
| Moved in the last year n (%) | 272 (10.64%) | 9.02% |
| Missing | 28 (1.10%) | 0.74% |
| Beale Urbanicity Index | ||
| 1 most urban | 737 (28.82%) | 23.36% |
| 2 | 406 (15.88%) | 17.08% |
| 3 | 647 (25.30%) | 23.23% |
| 4 | 138 (5.40%) | 6.45% |
| 5 | 95 (3.72%) | 6.94% |
| 6 | 88 (3.44%) | 4.02% |
| 7 | 152 (5.94%) | 6.18% |
| 8 | 217 (8.49%) | 8.49% |
| 9 | 37 (1.45%) | 2.10% |
| 10 most rural | 40 (1.56%) | 2.16% |
Note: Sample characteristics reported above are before multiple imputation to address missing data.
*Aside from households in debt, we examined unweighted quartiles of wealth within each survey wave.