Table 1

Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics and group comparisons for participants used in analysis 1
	Unexposed	Switched to active travel		Switched to public transport
N (minimally adjusted models A and B)†	3090	109		70
Characteristic (at t0 unless shown otherwise)	Per cent or mean	Per cent or mean	p Value‡	Per cent or mean	p Value‡
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (mean years)	41.2	37.8**	0.002	36.8**	0.001
Male§	61.7%	58.7%	0.527	57.1%	0.437
Professional or managerial occupation§	44.1%	41.3%	0.559	41.4%	0.655
Full time work§	85.5%	77.1%*	0.014	78.6%	0.103
Works at night time§	2.2%	2.8%	0.701	1.4%	0.662
Household income (mean £)	32 495	28 087 **	0.002	35 141	0.460
High income§	45.2%	33.9%*	0.020	47.1%	0.748
Education: degree or higher qualification§	19.4%	13.8%	0.139	34.3%**	0.002
One or more children in the household§	17.1%	22.0%	0.184	10.0%	0.117
Lives in London or South-East England§	11.7%	10.1%	0.617	18.6%	0.076
Health related characteristics
BMI (mean kg/m²)	26.9	26.1	0.056	26.0	0.140
WHO-classified overweight§	64.7%	52.3%**	0.008	54.3%	0.071
‘Poor’ or ‘very poor’ self-assessed health§	3.6%	4.6%	0.585	7.1%	0.118
Self-reported smoker§	22.8%	31.2%*	0.041	21.4%	0.784
More than 3 annual hospital visits§	10.4%	9.2%	0.675	11.4%	0.785
More than 6 annual primary care visits§	9.1%	8.3%	0.765	10.0%	0.794
Travel related
One or more cars in household§	98.8%	95.4%**	0.003	90.0%***	<0.001
One or more cars in household (t2)§	99.0%	93.6%***	<0.001	80.0%***	<0.001
Number of cars in household (mean)	1.8	1.8	0.707	1.4***	<0.001
Number of cars in household (t2, mean)†	1.8	1.6**	0.002	1.2***	<0.001
Private motor transport user in t0–t1 and t0–t2§†	91.9%	70.5%***	<0.001	64.4%***	<0.001
Commute time (mean minutes)†	23.0	16.5***	0.001	33.7***	<0.001
Commute time (t2, mean minutes)†	23.6	13.9***	0.001	45.8***	<0.001
Other lifestyle-related characteristics
At least weekly LTPA§	57.8%	68.8%*	0.022	58.6%	0.901
At least weekly LTPA (t2)§	59.2%	78.9%***	0.001	68.6%	0.113
At least weekly gardening§	25.8%	17.4%	0.050	14.3%*	0.029
At least weekly gardening (t2)§	28.8%	22.0%	0.122	15.7%*	0.016
At least weekly eating out§	16.8%	14.7%	0.555	20.0%	0.484
At least weekly eating out (t2)§	16.7%	14.7%	0.578	17.1%	0.922

Descriptive statistics and group comparisons for participants used in analysis 2
	Unexposed	Switched from active travel		Switched from public transport
N (minimally adjusted models J and K)†	519	156		112
Characteristic (at t0 unless shown otherwise)	Per cent or mean	Per cent or mean	p Value‡	Per cent or mean	p Value‡
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (mean years)	41.2	35.1***	<0.001	33.9***	<0.001
Male§	49.9%	54.5%	0.315	52.7%	0.594
Professional or managerial occupation§	34.5%	24.4%*	0.018	38.4%	0.433
Full time work§	73.0%	71.8%	0.762	77.7%	0.309
Works at night time§	1.7%	0.6%	0.322	0.9%	0.518
Household income (mean £s)	31 829	29 842	0.131	33 865	0.421
High income§	37.2%	32.1%	0.241	39.3%	0.677
Education: degree or higher qualification§	20.4%	13.5%	0.051	19.6%	0.852
One or more children in the household§	17.0%	16.0%	0.785	14.3%	0.490
Lives in London or South-East England§	20.2%	14.1%	0.086	22.3%	0.620
Health-related characteristics
BMI (mean kg/m²)	26.1	26.3	0.634	25.7	0.339
WHO-classified overweight§	54.7%	49.4%	0.239	49.1%	0.280
‘Poor’ or ‘very poor’ self-assessed health§	4.2%	4.5%	0.893	7.1%	0.190
Self-reported smoker§	26.6%	27.6%	0.810	27.7%	0.813
More than 3 annual hospital visits§	11.2%	7.7%	0.211	15.2%	0.235
More than 6 annual primary care visits§	10.4%	10.3%	0.958	6.3%	0.177
Travel related
One or more cars in household§	73.4%	81.4%*	0.042	72.3%	0.813
One or more cars in household (t2)†§	74.9%	92.3%***	<0.001	91.0%***	<0.001
Number of cars in household (mean)	1.0	1.2**	0.001	1.0	0.624
Number of cars in household (t2, mean)†	1.0	1.5***	<0.001	1.4***	<0.001
Private motor transport user in t0–1 and t0–2†§	4.6%	22.0%***	<0.001	17.8%***	<0.001
Commute time (mean minutes)†	27.4	13.7***	<0.001	42.4***	<0.001
Commute time (t2, mean minutes)†	28.2	18.0**	0.002	29.5	0.115
Other lifestyle-related characteristics
At least weekly LTPA§	64.7%	74.4%*	0.025	56.3%	0.091
At least weekly LTPA (t2)§	65.5%	65.4%	0.977	65.2%	0.947
At least weekly gardening§	20.2%	21.8%	0.672	17.0%	0.430
At least weekly gardening (t2) §	20.8%	21.2%	0.926	17.9%	0.481
At least weekly eating out§	17.1%	21.2%	0.254	17.9%	0.857
At least weekly eating out (t2)§	15.6%	17.9%	0.486	20.5%	0.202

*p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001.
†Values for some variables were not reported for all individuals included in the minimally adjusted models.
‡The results of χ² test (or Mann-Whitney U test for number of cars, age, income and commute time, or student t test for BMI), where the null hypothesis was that the difference between the exposed and unexposed group was equal to 0.
§Binary variables were created as described in the Methods section. Additionally, binary variables were created for the highest occupational status (professional/managerial=1) compared with all other occupations (=0), the two highest income quintiles (=1) compared with all other income quintiles (=0), resident in London or South East England (=1) compared with all other regions (=0), being classed as overweight or obese (=1) compared with any other weight status (=0), poor or very poor self-assessed health (=1) compared with fair or good self-assessed health (=0), and for three indicators of leisure activities (=1 if undertaken at least once a week,=0 if undertaken less frequently).
BMI, body mass index; LTPA, leisure time physical activity. WHO, World Health Organization.