Association between each potential risk factor and all-cause and cause-specific mortality 1995–2003
| All-cause mortality (n = 694) | Violent death (n = 135) | Suicide (n = 90) | Violent death other than suicide (n = 45) | Non-violent death (n = 559) | CVD (n = 232) | |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Crowded housing 1960 | 1.31 (1.10 to 1.56) | 1.55 (1.06 to 2.27) | 1.58 (1.00 to 2.51) | 1.50 (0.77 to 2.90) | 1.26 (1.04 to 1.53) | 1.37 (1.02 to 1.85) |
| Father unskilled worker 1960 (ref = intermediate and high non-manual worker 1960) | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.41) | 1.10 (0.67 to 1.79) | 1.02 (0.56 to 1.85) | 1.27 (0.54 to 3.01) | 1.16 (0.92 to 1.45) | 1.81 (1.24 to 2.66) |
| Risk use of alcohol 1969 | 1.64 (1.35 to 1.99) | 1.90 (1.24 to 2.89) | 1.52 (0.87 to 2.64) | 2.76 (1.43 to 5.35) | 1.58 (1.27 to 1.96) | 1.98 (1.44 to 2.73) |
| Smoking 1969 | 1.59 (1.37 to 1.84) | 1.55 (1.10 to 2.17) | 1.25 (0.83 to 1.90) | 2.40 (1.29 to 4.46) | 1.60 (1.35 to 1.89) | 2.16 (1.65 to 2.82) |
| Psychiatric diagnosis 1969 | 1.49 (1.20 to 1.84) | 2.28 (1.51 to 3.46) | 2.18 (1.30 to 3.66) | 2.49 (1.24 to 5.04) | 1.31 (1.03 to 1.68) | 1.40 (0.96 to 2.03) |
| Low emotional control 1969 | 1.36 (1.16 to 1.59) | 1.70 (1.20 to 2.40) | 1.67 (1.09 to 2.55) | 1.75 (0.96 to 3.18) | 1.29 (1.08 to 1.54) | 1.33 (1.01 to 1.75) |
| Police/childcare contact 1969 | 1.54 (1.32 to 1.80) | 2.05 (1.46 to 2.88) | 1.55 (1.00 to 2.38) | 3.50 (1.95 to 6.31) | 1.43 (1.20 to 1.71) | 1.68 (1.29 to 2.20) |
| Unskilled worker 1990 (ref = intermediate and high non-manual worker 1990) | 1.70 (1.40 to 2.07) | 1.76 (1.14 to 2.70) | 2.00 (1.14 to 3.52) | 1.45 (0.74 to 2.85) | 1.69 (1.36 to 2.10) | 1.90 (1.35 to 2.68) |
| Education <9 years (ref >12 years’ education) | 1.96 (1.59 to 2.41) | 2.23 (1.40 to 3.58) | 2.39 (1.33 to 4.29) | 1.97 (0.89 to 4.34) | 1.89 (1.50 to 2.39) | 2.37 (1.61 to 3.49) |
| 1st income quintile 1990–1 (ref = 5th quintile income) | 2.87 (2.25 to 3.66) | 2.89 (1.61 to 5.20) | 2.44 (1.24 to 4.77) | 4.71 (1.35 to 16.37) | 2.86 (2.19 to 3.75) | 3.95 (2.47 to 6.31) |
| Sickness absence >24 500 1990–1 (ref = no sickness absence) | 3.12 (2.57 to 3.80) | 3.99 (2.55 to 6.26) | 3.70 (2.14 to 6.42) | 4.66 (2.13 to 10.22) | 2.96 (2.38 to 3.67) | 3.52 (2.53 to 4.91) |
Hazard Ratio (HR) with 95% CIs.
Values in bold represent the attenuation of the hazard ratio.